[GIU] UNIT117 By and until, By the time...

​​​UNIT117
​​By and ​until, ​By the time...

​​​A. ​By (+ a time) = no later than: ~보다 늦지 않은

This milk should be sold ​by October 12.

I sent the letter to her today, so she should receive it ​by Monday.
(= on or before Monday, no later than Monday)
We'd better hurry. We have to go to school ​by 9:00.
(= at or before 9:00, no later than 9:00)
Where's Sofia? She should be here ​by now.
(= now or before now - so she should have arrived already)

​​​B. 어떤 상황이 얼마나 오래 지속되는지 말하기 위해 ​until(or ​till) 사용:
"Shall we go now?" "No, let's wait ​until (or ​till) it stops raining."
I couldn't get up this morning. I stayed in bed ​until half past seven.

​until과 ​by의 비교:
Something continues ​until a time in the future:
Ace ​will be away until Sunday.
(so he'll be back on Sunday)
​I'll be studying until 22:00.
(so I'll stop studying at 22:00)

Something happens ​by a time in the future:
Ace ​will be back by Sunday.
(= he'll be back no later than Sunday)
​I'll have finished my studying by 22:00.
(= I'll finish my studying no later than 22:00)

​​​C. "​by the time something happens." 표현 가능. Study these examples:
It's too late to go to the bank now. ​By the time we get there, it will be closed.
(= the bank will close between now and the time we get there)
Hurry up! ​By the time we get to the theater, the movie will already have started.

"​by the time something happened" (for the past) 표현 가능:
Her Spanish class finished later than before. ​By the time she arrived at home, the drama had ended.
(= it took her a long time to get to home and the drama ended during this time)
I had a meeting to have to join last night. I was very tired ​by the time I finished.
(= It took me a long time to join the meeting, and I became more and more tired during this time)

Also ​by then or ​by that time:
Ace finally arrived at the party at midnight, but ​by then (or ​by that time), most of the guests had left.