[GIU] UNIT125 By

​​​UNIT125
​​By

​​​A. 뭔가를 어떻게 하는지 말하기 위해 많은 표현 안에서 ​by를 사용. 예를 들면, you can:
send something ​by mail
contact somebody ​by phone/ by e-mail/ by fax
do something ​by hand
pay ​by check/ by credit card

Can I pay ​by credit card?
You can contact me ​by phone or ​by e-mail.

But we say ​pay cash or ​pay in cash (not by cash).

We also say ​by mistake/ by accident/ by chance:
We hadn't arranged to meet. We met ​by chance.
But we say "do something ​on purpose" (= you mean to do it):
I didn't do it ​on purpose. It was an accident.

Note that we say ​by chance, ​by check, etc. (not by the chance/ by a check). In these expressions we use ​by + noun without "the" or "a".

​​​B. 같은 방식으로, 우리는 누군가가 어떻게 여행을 갔는지 표현할 때 ​by...를 사용한다:
​by car/ by train/ by plane/ by boat/ by ship/ by bus/ by bike, etc.
​by road/ by rail/ by air/ by sea/ by subway
Sofia usually goes to school ​by bus.
Do you prefer to travel ​by plane or ​by train?

But we say ​on foot:
Did you come here ​by bus or ​on foot?

만약 ​my car/ the train/ a taxi 등을 말할때에는 ​by를 사용할 수 없다. 우리는 ​by + noun을 a/the/my 없이 사용한다:
​by car but ​in my car (not by my car)
​by train but ​on the train (not by the train)

We use ​in for cars and taxis:
They didn't come ​in their car. They came ​in a taxi.
We use ​on for bicycles and public transportation (buses, trains, etc.):
We came ​on the 07:00 bus.

​​​C. We sat that "something is done ​by somebody/ something" (passive):
Have you ever been bitten ​by a dog?
The movie was watched ​by 10 millions of people.

Compare ​by and ​with:
The door must have been opened ​with a key. (not by a key)
(= somebody used a key to open it)
The door must have been opened ​by somebody with a key.
We say "a play ​by Shakespeare" / "a painting ​by Rembrandt"/ a novel ​by Tolstoy", etc..
Have you read anything ​by Park kyeong-ri?

​​​D. ​By also means "next to/ beside":
Come and sit ​by me. (= beside me)
"Where's the light switch?"
"​By the door."

E. Note the following use of ​by:
Ace's salary has just grown up ​from $3,000 a month ​to $3,300. So it has increased ​by $300/ by 10 percent.
Ace and Sofia ran a 100-meter race. Sofia won ​by about ​three meters.